The dual forces of El Niño and La Niña represent two of the most extreme manifestations of climate change, impacting not just weather patterns but also public health, the economy, infrastructure, and education. These phenomena, characterized by severe swings between drought and heavy rainfall, present profound challenges that require urgent attention and action.
In layman’s terms, El Niño and La Niña are opposite phases of the climate pattern known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
El Niño, the “little boy” in layman’s terms, is marked by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific, leading to prolonged dry spells and drought conditions.
On the other hand, La Niña the “little girl,” is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures, resulting in excessive rainfall and potential flooding.
Iloilo, the hardest-hit province by the recent El Niño phenomenon in Western Visayas, serves as a stark example of the damage caused by extreme drought. The prolonged dry spells have led to significant agricultural losses, with crops wilting under the relentless heat. The Provincial Agriculture Office (PAgrO) head, Ildefonso Toledo, reported that seedable clouds have been identified, and cloud seeding operations are scheduled to mitigate some of the damage.
However, these measures come with their own set of risks. Farmers are advised to adjust their planting patterns to minimize further losses. The advice is particularly poignant given the substantial losses reported by those who planted during the third cropping season from October to November.
The economic toll of El Niño is staggering, with the production loss in Western Visayas reaching P1.5 billion, affecting 37,223 farmers and fisherfolk. This financial strain extends beyond agriculture, impacting local economies and livelihoods.
As the region braces for La Niña, the focus shifts from drought to the risk of floods and incessant rain. The potential for excessive rainfall threatens to compound the already severe impacts on agriculture. High-value crops, such as watermelon, are particularly vulnerable to excessive water, raising concerns about further agricultural damage.
The preparation for La Niña involves not only cloud seeding operations but also insurance measures to protect farmers from the anticipated deluge. The PAgrO’s proactive stance in gathering data on vulnerable crops and advising farmers on planting patterns is commendable, yet the scale of the challenge remains daunting.
The extremes of El Niño and La Niña have far-reaching implications beyond agriculture. Public health is at risk as prolonged droughts can lead to water scarcity and heat-related illnesses, while excessive rains can result in waterborne diseases and vector-borne illnesses such as dengue.
Infrastructure faces the dual threat of drought-induced damage and flood-related destruction. Roads, bridges, and buildings designed to withstand normal weather conditions are increasingly vulnerable to these extreme events, necessitating costly repairs and upgrades.
Education is another casualty of these climate extremes. During heat waves, schools often face disruptions, with students unable to attend classes comfortably or even safely. Conversely, the heavy rains and floods associated with La Niña can lead to school closures, further hampering educational opportunities.
The stark realities presented by El Niño and La Niña underscore the urgent need for comprehensive climate adaptation strategies. As Iloilo and the broader Western Visayas region grapple with the impacts of these extreme weather events, it is crucial to prioritize measures that enhance resilience across all sectors.
Investment in sustainable agricultural practices, robust public health systems, resilient infrastructure, and adaptive educational frameworks is essential. The collaboration between government agencies, such as the PAgrO, the Bureau of Soils and Water Management, and the Department of Agriculture, highlights a proactive approach. However, continued vigilance, innovation, and community engagement are necessary to navigate the challenges posed by the extremes of climate change.
For now, as we prepare for the shift from drought to potential flooding, let us recognize the resilience of our communities and the importance of supporting them through these turbulent times. The lessons learned today will be invaluable in building a more sustainable and resilient future.
